Classification of the Local Community and Users of the Cemetery of Sidi Jalal
1- الترابية ( المعلمين ): هم أصحاب النفوذ وممثلي الحكومة بالقرافة ودائماً ما يكون لديهم منازل مبنية على أراضي مسجلة مدافن وصادر لها ترخيص بإقامة منزل ومخزن في المنطقة الخاصة بالتربي ، وكان التربي يعيش في القرافة بمنزله أو بأي حوش يريده بعد موافقة أصحابه إن وجدوا، وعادةً يتم توريث مهنة التربي لأحد أبناؤه من بعده ويكون التربي الجديد مسئول أمام إدارة الجبانات بالمحافظة وأمام أي جهة حكومية بخصوص منطقته ، وقد يعاونه إخوته بصفة غير رسمية ، وفي الوقت الحاضر يمكن أن يكون منزل التربي بعيداً عن القرافة ، ومهنة التربي مربحة ويرجع هذا لأعمال الترميمات بالمدافن ودفن الموتى وبناء القبور الجديدة ، ويقول المثل الشعبي على مهنة التربي ” الترابية ملوك مخفية ” ويقال ايضاً ” الترابية مليونيرات مخفية ” وبالتالي فإن مصدر رزق الترابية من القرافة ، وقد يكون التربي يشتغل بمهنة أخرى .
ورث الترابية الحاليون عن أجدادهم المهنة والسيطرة على الأماكن المختلفة ومن أشهر عائلات الترابية بالمنطقة (أبوسبحة – عيد بركة – بليحة – سعدون).
1. Al-Turabiyya (al-mu‘allimin), Buriers:
These are the government representatives in the cemetery and the most powerful. They usually own houses built on lands registered as graveyards that have license for building a house and a warehouse in the burier’s zone. The burier used to live either in his house or in any graveyard he chooses after the approval of its owners, if they exist. The profession is usually inherited to one of the sons who becomes in charge of his zone for the Cemetery Management Department in the governorate or any other governmental authority. He may be informally helped by his brothers. Nowadays the house of the burier may not exist in the cemetery. This profession is profitable, as it – in addition to burial of the dead – also includes restoration works in graveyards and construction of new ones. This is reflected in popular proverbs that say: “buriers are hidden kings,” and “buriers are hidden millionaires.” And so, a burier relies mainly on his profession for making a living, yet he may as well be involved in other professions.
Accordingly, today’s buriers have inherited their profession and their control over various zones in the cemetery from their grandfathers. Some of the most renowned families in the profession in this area are Abu Sibha, ‘Id Baraka, Bliha, and Sa‘dun.
2- مساعدون الترابية ( الصبيان ) : وهم المسئولين عن أمن المنطقة أمام التربي ويقومون بدفن الموتى وتجهيز القبر قبل الدفن وتنظيف ورش سطح الأرض ومتابعة المنطقة عوضاً عن المعلم ( التربي) ، وقد يكون ملتزم مع تربي بعينه أو يكون مساعد في عدد من مناطق الترابية الأخرى على أن يكون أساسياً مع أحد الترابية ، ويسكنون في أحد أحواش القرافة ويمكن أن يسكنوا بمفردهم أو مع أسرهم ، وهم لا يتقاضون مرتبات من التربي نظير وجودهم معه بل يتم حسابهم بناء على كل دفنة أو زيارة أوموسم ، حيث يقومون بكنس الأرض يوم الأربعاء من كل أسبوع ، ورشها بالمياة كل يوم خميس.
2. Buriers’ Assistants:
These are responsible for all burial procedures taking place before and after burying the dead; preparing the grave, burying the dead, cleaning and spattering the grave with water, as well as the protection of the zone on behalf of their mu‘allim, the burier. An assistant may serve a single burier or several buriers through working in different zones. They usually live in one of the graveyards they serve with or without their families. They actually do not have a fixed wage; they get paid by each burial or visit or season. They usually sweep the floor in graveyards every Wednesday and spatter it every Thursday.
3- أسر تعيش بأحواش عائلاتهم : ومن أشهر أمثلتهم بمنطقة الدراسة المعلم عصافيري بمنطقة 12 التابعة للتربي كمال عفبفي ، حيث إعتاد بعض الناس على أنه في حالة فقد أو عدم وجود مكان للسكن أو عدم قدرتهم على دفع الإيجار، أن يقيم بأحواش عائلاتهم.
3. Families living in their family graveyards:
In cases when a family loose their home for any reason, they live in their family graveyards, as in the case of al- mu‘allim ‘Asafiry in zone 12 in the case study, the area controlled by the burier Kamal ‘Afify.
4- أسر تعيش في أحواش غير مملوكة لعائلاتهم : وهى غير منتشرة بمنطقة الدراسة ، وترتبط تلك الظاهرة بحالة عدم المقدرة المالية أو بالفقر ، حيث قد يكون تواجدهم بالمنطقة كسكان للأحواش بمثابة مصدر رزق لهم من خلال زوار القبور والمتصدقين على الفقراء.
4. Families living in graveyards not owned by their family:
This phenomenon is not common in this case study, which results from the increasing impoverishment of families and their inability to afford a shelter, and so they make a living out of doles given by grave visitors and take their shelter in graveyards.
5- أفراد مستأجرة أحواش : وعادةً ما يكونوا من فئة العمال القادمين من صعيد أو دلتا مصر ، الذين يشتغلون بالمعمار والعمالة المساعدة ، وذلك بسبب قرب المنطقة من ميدان السيدة عائشة الذي يعتبر من أهم مراكز تجمع العمال في الصباح بحثاً عن مصدر رزق ، كذلك بسبب رخص ثمن الإيجار بالأحواش وهذا النوع من السكان غير منتشر بكثرة في منطقة الدراسة.
5. Individuals renting graveyards:
These are usually from labour class coming to Cairo from other provinces mainly working in construction works. They dwell in the cemetery because of its vicinity to al-Sayyida ‘A’isha Square, the central location where labourers gather in searching for their daily labour. Indeed, another valid reason for dwelling in the cemetery is the cheap rental fee. This kind of dwellers is not prevailing in the case study.
6- سكان بمنازل تتبع الحي : وهى على أطراف الجبانة حيث توجد منطقة بمواجهة مسجد السيدة عائشة بالميدان حتى مسجد المسيح باشا ، وهى منازل قديمة وفي الفترة الماضية أصبحت مركز تجاري هام لوجود عدد من المقاهي والمحال التجارية ، وتتعدد بها المقاهي في الصباح بالصنايعية فهى مكان لتجمع فريق عمل الحرفيين ، كنقطة إنطلاق لموضع العمل ساعد على هذا وفرة المواصلات من السيدة عائشة إلى المناطق النائية والقريبة المختلفة ، وسكان تلك المنطقة لا يعتبرون أنفسهم من سكان المقابر ويعتبرون أنفسهم من سكان السيدة عائشة ، وأن القرافة تقع خلفهم ، أما رواد المقاهي فالغالبية العظمى من الأغراب ومعظم الترابية يجلسون على مقهى صرصار بمواجهة شارع صلاح الدين الشرقي .
وهناك عدد من المنازل تقع بشارع القرافة الكبرى وهم مرتبطون بالمنطقة مع التركيز على أنهم تابعون للحي .
وتوجد المباني العشوائية المتجمعة على أطراف الحد الشمالي الغربي لجبانة سيدي جلال في لمنطقة المحصورة بين شارعي سوق الحمام وشارع القرافة الكبرى ، كما توجد بها عدد من الورش للحرف يدوية متمثلة في صب قوالب جبسية ونحت احجار الطعمية من الجرانيت.
6. Dwellers in housing of the neighborhood:
These houses lie on the peripheries of the cemetery opposite the Mosque of al-Sayyida ‘A’isha extending to the Mosque of al-Masih Pasha. These are old houses that have recently become an important commercial zone for shops and coffee shops; in the morning these are meeting points for craftsmen before heading to work. Such a location has the advantage of easy access to means of transportation to near as well as far destinations.
These dwellers do not consider themselves as cemetery dwellers; they rather consider themselves as dwellers of al-Sayyida ‘A’isha.
The main clients of the coffee shops are mostly strangers as well as the buriers; most of the buriers meet at the coffee shop called Sursar opposite the Salah al-Din Eastern Street.
A number of houses also exist along al-Qarafa al-Kubra Street, and these are also related to the cemetery but are administratively following the neighborhood.
There are also agglomerations of slums along the North Western edges of Sidi Jalal Cemetery in the area between Suq al-Hamam Street and al-Qarafa al-Kubra Street. These also include workshops for gypsum molding and carving of granite stones used for making falafel.
7- بائعي الخوص والورد
يتواجدوا في منطقتين الأولى يقف بها إثنين من البائعات عند باب القرافة – على حد تعبير الترابية – عند إلتقاء شارع سيدي جلال بشارع القرافة الكبرى ، والبائعتين بينهما مسافة لا تقل عن عشرون متر ، والمنطقة الثانية وهي على جانب شارع صلاح سالم وتقف إثنتان أحدهما تقف أمام مسجد المسيح باشا ، والثانية تقف على نفس الجانب وتبعد مسافة حوالي 10 متر عن الأخرى ، ويضعون الورود والخوص على أقفاص ، ويبيعون الخوص والورد بما يسموه بالحزمة ، وثمن الحزمة جنية ، وأعتقد أن توزيع وقوف باعة الورود تدل على المسارات المعتادة لزوار القبور ، وذلك في أيام الخميس والجمعة ، أما في المواسم المتمثلة في العيد العيد الكبير والعيد الصغير ونصف رجب ونصف شعبان تتكاثر أعداد بائعي الخوص والورود بمحاذة المنطقتين المشار اليهم .
7. Palm Fronds and Rose Vendors:
They stand in two areas; the first is by the Bab al-Qarafa, Cemetery Gate, at the intersection of Sidi Jalal Street and al-Qarafa al-Kubra Street where two vendors stand at a distance not less than 20m away from each other, while the second is along the side of Salah Salim Street where another two vendors stand, one in front of al-Masih Pasha Mosque and the other at a distance of 10m. bunches of roses and palm fronds are usually put on boxes. Each bunch is sold for one pound. Most probably the locations chosen for the rose vendors have to do with the actual paths taken by visitors to the cemetery. Visits usually take place on Thursdays and Fridays as well as seasonal holidays such as the Minor and Great Feasts, mid of the lunar months of Rajab and Shaban where the number of vendors increase around the above mentioned entrances to the cemetery.
8- مقرئي القرآن الكريم.
ينتشر في القرافة مقرئي القرأن – الفقي – نظير أجر ، يومياً وهم لا يعيشون بالقرافة وقد يكونون موظفين ، ويعتبرون هذا العمل مساعد لهم في الحياة ويمشون بالقرافة بحثاً عن الزبائن من زوار الموتى ، وعلى حد قول انه يتابع السيارات الغريبة عن القرافة ، أو يتم تبليغه من قبل التربي أو مساعد التربي ، وقد يسير بمفرده أو بصحبة أحد زملائه ، وتتزايد أعدادهم يوما الخميس والجمعة لوجود زبائن بالقرافة ، وهم يتابعون أماكن حالات دفن الوفيات الجديدة لمتابعة أيام زيارة أهالي المتوفى خاصاً في زيارة أيام الخميس وحتى الأربعين ، ويتلون القرآن بشكل سريع ووقت قليل ، وعند السؤال عن هذا ذكروا انهم يريدون القراءة لزبائن أكثر ، عسى أن يكون بين الزائرين للقبور أحد الكرماء ، ويتنوع العطاء لمقرئي القرآن من شخص لأخر فقد يدفع الزائر نصف جنية أو جنية أو ربما أكثر ، ولا توجد تسعيرة للقرأة ، ويعطي الزائرين للمقريء مما أحضروا معهم مثل ثمرفاكهة أو قرصة أو كف شوريك ، وربما يعطونه كل الأنواع وهذا يتوقف على كرم الزائرين.
8. Qur’an Reciters:
Reciters, al-fiqi, are not from the cemetery dwellers, yet they come daily in the cemetery and search for their clients, grave visitors by being attentive to strange cars entering the cemetery or being informed by the burier or his assistant. They may be practicing reciting in addition to other jobs to improve their income. A reciter wanders in the cemetery alone or in the company of other reciters. Their number increases on Thursdays and Fridays, as the number of visitors increases. They also focus on graves of newly buried cases, as they follow up the frequent visits of the family especially on Thursdays and on al-Arba‘in, the 40th day of death. They usually recite very fast, so that they could recite for a larger number of clients. There is no fixed wages for a reciter; he is paid either half a pound, a pound or even more. Visitors also give him some of the fruits and bread that they bring for charity.
9- طائفة المعمار ( أسطوات وعمال وموردين ).
وهى فئة غالباً من غير سكان القرافة وهم يأتون لإتمام عمل معين بالمقابر الفرداني أو بالأحواش ، وعلاقتهم تنحصر في التربي أو أصحاب المقابر والأحواش .
9. Construction team (Chiefs, labourers, suppliers)
They are mostly not dwellers of the cemetery, and they particularly carry out construction works in graveyards. They generally deal with buriers or grave owners.
10- باعة متجولين.
يمر الباعة الجائلين بالمنطقة خاصاً بشارع القرافة الكبرى وبشارع رقم 1 ، وتتنوع المبيعات وهم من غير سكان القرافة.
10. Wandering Vendors:
These are not from the local dwellers, and they sell various stuff. They wander in the area especially by al-Qarafa al-Kubra Street and Street No. 1
11- المترددين على القرافة لتعاطي المخدرات وإرتكاب أعمال منافية للآداب :
ونعني بهم من غير سكان القرافة ، وهم إما ان يكونوا على صلة بالقرافة وسكانها أو من الأغراب ، فالأغراب غالباً ما يكون توجههم إلى المنطقة المطلة على شارع الأتوستيراد فإن كان هدفهم تعاطي المخردرات فيكونوا غالباً من سكان منطقة الأباجية فهى الأقرب لهم ، والمخدرات الأشهر بالقرافة هى البانجو والمكس ، وشرب الخمور والبيرة .
وهناك فئة نحاتين أحجار الجرانيت للطعمية ، هم الأكثر تورط في جلب المخدرات للقرافة وكذلك إجتذاب الفتايات – البائعات الجائلات لبيع المناديل والبخور- لممارسة الجنس وهذه الفئة غالباً ما تمارس الجنس وتتعاطى المخدرات في المنطقة المحيطة بشرع القرافة الكبرى وشارع نمرة 1 ، وهناك فئة أخرى وهي الصنايعية وأصدقائهم ممن لهم صلة بالترابية أو بسكان القرافة وهم عادةً ما يكونوا من منطقة السيدة عائشة وخاصةً من منطقة الخرطة وسوق الحمام وهم يمارسون الجنس وتعاطي المخدرات بالمنطقة المحيطة بطول شارع القرافة الكبرى.
زوار القبور:
إعتاد الناس بالقاهرة زيارة موتاهم في يوم الجمعة منذ الصباح ومعظم الزائرين ينهون زيارتهم قبل صلاة الجمعة ، ومن العادات أن توضع على القبور ورود وخوص ويتم قرأة الفاتحة للمتوفين ، والزيارة يوم الجمعة غالباً ما تشمل أسر أو جماعات ، ويتم توزيع المأكولات مثل القرص والشوريك وأصناف من الفاكهة تختلف بإختلاف الموسم ، أما زيارة الخميس فهى عادةً للمتوفين حديثاً ويتم حساب أربعين الميت بناء على طلعات الأربعين وهى كالأتي : الأربعين يكون مثل اليوم الرابع للوفاة فمثلاً في حالة وفاة الشخص يوم السبت يكون الأربعين موافق يوم الثلاثاء بعد أربعين يوم ، حيث تتم طلعة الخميس الأول للوفاة ثم الخميس الثاني فالخميس الثالث ثم الجمعة البطالة وهو الخميس الذي لا تكون فيه زيارة للمتوفى ثم الخميس الأخير ، ويكون الأربعين في أول ثلاثاء ، أما مواسم طلعات القرافة – أوقات عرفية لزيارة الموتى – في العيدين ونصف شهر رجب ويمكن أن تكون في أخر جمعة لشهر شعبان وتسمى طلعة الوداع حيث في المعتقد الشعبي أن زيارة القبور حرام في شهر رمضان ، وهناك بعض الأشخاص يفضلون زيارة موتاهم في أي وقت ، وهم قليلون ويكتفون بقرأة الفاتحة على القبر أو يقرأون قليل من القرأن على القبر ، وهناك من يفضل أن يقرأ الفقي اليسير من القرآن.
Grave Visitors:
People are used to visit cemetery on Friday mornings in groups or families and leave before the Friday Prayer. One of the habits of visitors is to lay roses and palm fronds on graves and to read al-Fatiha for the dead, and they also distribute seasonal fruits and special bread for charity. Visitors who come on Thursdays however visit recently deceased relatives. Al-’Arba‘in is calculated based on
Al-’Arba‘in is like the fourth day of death, for example, if a person died on a Saturday, al-’Arba‘in is on the first Tuesday after 40 days of his/her death.
The seasonal visits to the cemetery are in ‘Id al-Fitr and ‘Id al-Adha, the Minor and Great Feasts, the mid of the lunar month of Rajab and sometimes on the last Friday of Sha‘ban which is known as Tal‘at al-wada‘, the Farewell Visit, as it is mostly believed that visiting the cemetery in Ramadan is forbidden. A few people prefer to visit their dead anytime of the year, and they usually recite al-Fatiha or parts of al-Qur’an, while some prefer to have the cemetery reciter.
الأنشطة الإقتصادية بجبانة سيدي جلال :
تتعدد الأنشطة الإقتصادية في الحدود الخارجية لمنطقة الدراسة خاصاً تلك التي تطل على شارعي الأتوستيراد وسوق الحمام والمطلة على ميدان السيدة عائشة ، فالمنطقة المطلة على شارع الأتوستيراد بها العديد من ورش الرخام وهناك بعض الشباب من سكان قرافة السيوطي يعملون بها ، أما المنطقة المطلة على شارع سوق الحمام فتتعدد بها الأنشطة الإقتصادية حيث تكثر بها محلات بيع مستلزمات طائفة المعمار خاصاً حرفة الرخام وذلك بسبب تركز صنايعية الرخام والسيراميك في منطقة الخرطة والسيدة عائشة ، كما توجد محال بيع الأطعمة خاصاً الفول المدمس والطعمية ويشتهر أحد المحلات بعمل الطعمية وهو محل (أم ندا) وهو من المعالم الشهيرة ويقع على شارع سوق الحمام ، وأيضاً عند باب القرافة توجد عربة مكرونة وهي الأخرى من معالم المنطقة ، وتوجد بجوارها سيدة تدعى (أم محمد) تقوم بعمل الشاي بجوار مقام سييدي منصور الباز وهى الأخرى من معالم باب القرافة فتشتهر بنظافة أدواتها ورخص سعرها ومنطقة باب القرافة من المناطق الهامة جداً للتجمعات البشرية ومعظمهم من فئة العاملين بطائفة المعمار ، وبجوارهما توجد سيدة تقوم بعمل سندوتشات البطاطس المحمرة والطعمية ، ويوجد عن بداية شارع سوق الحمام من جهة ميدان السيدة عائشة حرفة نحت أحجار الطعمية وهى التي يتم طحن الطعمية بها ، وهى من مادة الجرانيت ، أما المنطقة الواقعة بميدان السيدة عائشة فتتركز بها المقاهي وبعض محال الأطعمة السريعة وأشهر المقاهي مقهى الجمل ومقهى صرصار ، كما يوجد عدد من الباعة بعربات تجر يدوياً لبيع الأطعمة.
Economic Activities in the Cemetery of Sidi Jalal:
Different economic activities are concentrated along the external peripheries of the case study especially along the Autostrade and the Suq al-Hamam Streets overlooking al-Sayyida ‘A’isha Square. Along the Autostrade Street many marble workshops are allocated where some of al-Suyuty dwellers work, while along the Suq al-Hamam Street different shops sell building crafts tools especially those related to marble because of the concentration of marble and ceramic craftsmen in the area of al-Kharta and al-Sayyida ‘A’isha. Also there are some shops for food, such as ful and falafel; one of the landmarks of the area is a shop called Umm Nada famous for its falafel, located on the Suq al-Hamam Street. Another landmark is the pasta cart at the Bab al-Qarafa, and next to it sits a lady named Umm Muhammad close to the Shrine of Sidi Mansour al-Baz who is famous for her tea, cleanliness and cheap prices. Next to her is another lady who makes chips and falafel sandwiches. At the beginning of the Suq al-Hamam Street from al-Sayyida ‘A’isha Square, one finds workshops for the craftsmanship of carving the granite stones in which beans are smashed for making falafel.
The Bab al-Qarafa is one of the most important spots in the area, as it includes many agglomerations mostly of labourers for construction.
Coffee shops and fast food shops are concentrated in the area overlooking al-Sayyida ‘A’isha Square, the most famous are al-Jamal and Sursar coffee shops. A number of carts selling food also exist in this area.
العلاقات الإجتماعية بجبانة سيدي جلال :
المجتمع المحلي بجبانة سيدي جلال صغير الحجم ومتعدد الفئات ، فمن الطبييعي أن تنشأ علاقات متبادلة بين الأفراد المقيمة بالمنطقة ، فنجد أن علاقات الترابية فيما بينهم تتحكم فيها المصالح المشتركة خاصاً في المناطق المتجاورة ، فالعلاقات بين الترابية في مظهرها العام يسودها الود والتعاون ، إلا أن الواقع يؤكد أنهم تكتلات متعددة يحددها التجاور المكاني ، كما توجد علاقات عدائية بين الترابية قد تكون موروثة منذ الأباء ، فالترابية من عائلة أبوسبحة يروا أنهم أصل المنطقة ككل ، وانهم كانوا يسيطرون على كامل القرافة وان المناطق التي خرجت من تحت سيطرتهم ما هى إلا مناطق تركها الأباء لبعض المحتاجين من أزواج بناتهن أو لبعض الصبيان ، وعائلة أبوسبحة هى اكبر العائلات في السيطرة على مناطق الترابية مساحةً وهم متعاونين فيما بينهم ، بينما عائلة سعدون وهم المسيطرون على منطقتي 11 و 13 ، منفصلين ويعتبرون ان القرابة فيما بينهم بعيدة ولا توجد علاقات مشتركة بالرغم من التجاور بين المنطقتين ، والتربي المسئول عن منطقة 12 على الحياد وله شخصيته المميزة له بين الترابية ، بينما يتحالف التربي المسئول عن منطقة 9 ومثيله عن المنطقة 13 ، ويظل التربي المسئول عن منطقة 2 هو الأكثر سيطرة على المنطقة بسبب انه يقوم بالإبلاغ عن الترابية لتفتيش الآثار في حالة أي تعدي من أي تربي بالبناء أو بالإصلاح لقبر ما بالقرافة بدون تصريح من إدارة الجبانات وتفتيش الأثار ، ولذلك فهو مكروه من الترابية ويخشونه فيما بينهم ولكنهم يظهرون له الود والتقرب إليه لتحاشي أضراره.
وتختلف العلاقة بين الترابية والسكان عنها فيما بينهم ، بحيث يسيطر الترابية على المقيمين في حدود مناطقهم وتكون لهم السيطرة سواء كان المقيمين من صبيان القرافة أو مستأجرين للأحواش ، أما عن علاقة الترابية بالسكان المقيمين في منازل تتبع الحي فهى علاقة جيران بالمنطقة، لكن في حقيقة الأمر السكان على كراهية للترابية بسبب أعمال السرقات للمساحات الفضاء بالقرافة وإنشاؤها كمقابر ، وعن علاقة السكان بعضهم البعض وهم يتمركزون في المنطقة السكنية فيما بين شارع سوق الحمام وشارع القرافة الكبرى ، فهى علاقة يسودها التعاون والمودة ، ومن مظاهرها أن النساء تتجمع أمام المنازل للتحدث بأخبارهن ، والرجال على علاقة طيبة ، والجميع يرجع إلى أهم شخص بالنسبة لهم في المنطقة السكنية وهو مهندس كبير بشركة للمقاولات وهو من أبناء المنطقة.
Social Relationships in the Cemetery of Sidi Jalal:
The local community in the Cemetery of Sidi Jalal is small but also of multiple categories. And it is common to have relations among them, for instance the relations among buriers are based on common interest especially those whose zones are adjacent to each other. In general such relations seem to reflect cooperation and peace, but in reality, buriers are divided into coalitions defined by spatial juxtaposition of their zones. Moreover, there is hostility among buriers that can also be inherited from older generations; for instance, buriers from the Family of Abu Sibha claim that they are the original buriers of the whole cemetery which used to be entirely under their control, while zones that are nowadays not in their hand are those that their fathers bestowed upon some of their sons in law or their assistants. The Family of Abu Sibha is the largest and controls most of the zones in the cemetery, and they cooperate within their family members. On the other hand the Family of Sa‘dun who control zone 11 and 13 have no relation with them and claim that their kinship goes back to a very long time ago, and there is actually no relation among them despite the vicinity of their zones. The burier controlling zone 12 has a unique presence among other buriers and remains unbiased, while the burier controlling zone 9 allies with that controlling zone 13. However, the burier controlling zone 2 remains the most powerful, since he reports any vandalism led by any other burier who builds or causes any changes to a grave without the permission of the Cemetery Department and the Antiquities Inspection. And so he is both hated and feared by the others.
The relation between buriers and dwellers differs though, as the buriers have control over the dwellers that live within their zones whether they are their assistants or tenants. As for the dwellers who live in the houses of the , it is merely a neighbor relation, yet the dwellers hate the buriers for stealing vacant lands in the cemetery and making new graves.
the dwellers – who are concentrated in the area between the Suq al-Hamam Street and al-Qarafa al-Kubra Street – have good relations among each other, and their women are used to gather in front of their houses to chat. They all rely on one of the neighborhood who is an important engineer in a contracting company.
Grave Construction Techniques
Despite the variety in terminologies used for types of grave construction with regards to the grave interior architecture, the construction technology used is inherited long ago through generations of masons. The ground is dug two meters and a half deep; buriers, al-turabiyya, call the earth resulting from the digging al-shuhba. A foundation layer is then added comprising stone rubble mixed with mortar of lime and sand. In the old times, mud was sometimes used as mortar, and the choice of mud was preferred for its connotation that it has not been subjected to fire. The foundation layer is applied in a depth of a meter and a half, and then the walls are built in cut stone mostly brought from al-Jabal al-Juyushy area for the facility of its transportation and cutting. Cut stones are set in courses to form walls, and at the height of a meter and a half, the mason starts to build the two opposite arches where one of them covers the entrance to the burial chamber; a stick is placed in the center of the chamber from the springing point of the arch to the opposite wall to measure the vault’s arch. Then the mason begins building the two arches, for they act as a support on which the vault is built. During the construction of the vault, a wooden slab rests on two sticks fixed in the middle of the chamber to place the stones forming a course. The stones are fixed with gypsum from above. After finishing one course on one side, the mason moves to the opposite wall and builds similarly one course, this continues until the vault is fully completed. Then the joints are filled in with mortar.
In the old times, the same technique was used in constructing graves, except for the building materials, where cut stones were used in case the founder is well off, while rubble was used in case the founder can not afford it. The mortar was mud, and the wall plastering was also with mud sometimes mixed with sand. Clean sand is spread to cover the floor at a height of 30 – 50cm. the position of sleeping – or the laying of the body, al-manama, is called the burial, al-dafna. In case a grave is designed for the burial of men and women, the chamber for men is always on the right upon descending the grave, while that for women is on the left; this is reflected in the buriers’ saying “in a right burial, the woman is placed below the foot of the man,” accordingly the direction of chambers is determined. The direction of building may change according to the nature of earth, and the two chambers become adjacent so that the men’s chamber lies on the right upon descending the grave, while the women’s chamber lies to the right of the men’s chamber. In other cases, a grave may consist of a single chamber for only a single gender, or it may also consist of two chambers for only a single gender. The burial chamber is called ‘ayn or rawh. Read More
Types of Graves
A Grave with a Single Burial Chamber, ‘Ayn:
This type of graves may be the oldest of graves built for common people, and in most cases it exists outside the walled graveyards. Such a type is small in size and consists of a single burial chamber, ‘ayn or rawh, which is usually designated to a single gender. The entrance to the grave is through an opening in the ground, and one will have to jump the height of the grave upon entering, because it has no staircase due to the small dimension of the crypt. Such an access is called manzal saqt, while the base of the crypt just below the entrance opening is called hijr al-manzal. The opening (entrance) of the crypt is closed through covering it with al-majadil, long slabs of cut stones arranged horizontally above the opening, and then mud is added and finally earth is spread over to cover it. The burial chamber is surmounted with a vault of stone masonry. In case the chamber becomes full of skeletons, each skeleton is shrouded, and the ground of the burial chamber is dug 50cm deep, and the shrouded skeletons are buried and then covered with sand of about 30-50cm. the burial chamber becomes then empty and can take in more burials. Such a technique is pursued in all types of graves.
A Grave with a Fass or a Risha:
This type of graves also exists outside walled graveyards, and it is known as turba faradany or maqbara mufradah, single grave. It is characterized by its small size as in type 1. This style is a result of the small area designated for the grave, where almost the same small surface area as that used for Type 1 is used in this type too, yet the innovation of the local mason is elaborated in dividing the inner space of the grave with a wall creating two chambers. Such a separating wall is generally known as fass and often called risha. This answers to the founder’s need of having two chambers, one for men and another for women, lest he can not afford building two separate graves one for women and another for men. As in Type 1, the entrance opening leading to the burial chamber is covered with al-majadil joint together with mud and a layer of earth is spread above. Another innovation appears in Type 2, which is the invention of a staircase through creating steps within the wall of the grave, where the depth of the wall is meant to be lesser at the opening leading to the grave, and as it goes down the wall thickens with 20cm at approximately every 50cm deeper. This makes it easier for descending to or ascending from the burial chamber. The hijr al-manzal in this type is in front of the wall separating the two burial chambers. The hijr al-manzal opens into a vestibule that is rectangular and has the length of the two chambers together and the width of 80-100cm. The burial chamber for men lies to the right, while that for women lies on the left. The vestibule is surmounted with a vault, while another two vaults surmount the two chambers.
A Grave with Sadr:
This type of graves usually exists within walled graveyards, since it requires wider surface area from that of Type 2, and it rarely exist as single graves, al-maqabir al-faradany. It is characterized of having two spacious burial chambers, a staircase for an easy access to the grave and the relatively wider opening leading to the grave. Upon descending the staircase, one finds an almost rectangular space known as sadr al-turba that acts as a vestibule. The vestibule lies in between the two burial chambers, where it opens onto the right to men’s chamber and to the left onto the women’s chamber. The two chambers are set opposite to each other where their semi circular arched entrances open at the end of their walls. Each of the vestibule, sadr al-turba and the two chambers is covered with a vault.
A Grave with a Hall:
This type of graves exists in walled graveyards, for it covers a large surface area, and perhaps the graveyard comprises a single grave of this type, which is historically the most recent. The interior design of the grave differs according to the nature of earth as well as the preference of the founder. The grave comprises four chambers; the largest two are used as burial chambers, while the other two are smaller and are used to keep the skeletons of the dead to make more room for new burials. Such small chambers are called ma‘zama. Each two chambers may be set opposite to the other two. Also the entrance opening to the grave is wider than in previous types and also comprises a wide staircase, which allows the bier to be fully descended inside the grave. All chambers are surmounted with vaults and are accessed through semi circular arched entrances. The grave is built in cut stone.
Gravestones
The cenotaph is the structure situated above the grave and it identifies the descending opening into the grave. It is a cuboid structure made of stone slabs. The gravestone is the rectangular stone fixed vertically above the cenotaph, and it contains the name of the deceased. Two gravestones are usually put on a cenotaph, and they either are similar or differ in shape and size. They are decorated and indicate the position for burying men or women, for the Egyptian sculptor long ago was used to differentiate between men and women either in sculpture or painting. This is proven with material finds. Such a differentiation between the two genders was extended to graves; this appears in the position of burial where women are placed in a position that is below the feet of men even when they are buried in two separate chambers. This is said to represent the power of men and the obedience of women. And usually the burial chamber for men is situated to the right upon descending the grave. Such cultural conceptions are also reflected always on the upper parts of the gravestones, as the shapes and sizes differ to identify men and women. The shapes identifying men’s disposition inside the grave are the turban, the fez, a pointed shape, a tooth-like shape, a straight shape or simply the largest or longest even if it does not have a recognizable shape. And the shapes identifying women’s disposition are a crown, braids, a curved shape, a shape with many curvatures and the crescent.
Inscriptions and its aesthetics:
The carved inscription contains expressions that are used specifically for graves in earlier phases, adding to this, it is considered part of the culture of Cairene people. A comparative study of such inscriptions provides evidence of the change that occurred in writing styles and techniques on gravestones.
The inscription was not only meant to be for decorative reasons, but it also documents the name and date of the deceased to easily identify his/her grave, and it also documents the foundation and renewal of a grave or a graveyard. Documenting the name of the deceased on the grave is also a proof of his family’s right in using the grave for burial, for that reason, the text was carved in relief which was the best style. It is also the oldest style used on the gravestones of the Sidi Jalal Cemetery. Later on, incised inscription was used as well. The folk proverb saying “education at young age is like carving on stone” reflects the community conception of carving on gravestone.
The inscription carved in relief usually exists within a framed horizontal area, jamat, that identifies the letters inscribed; the reason for the frame contouring the inscription is the technique used in carving where the background is carved lower around the letters leaving them at a higher level which finally leaves the text encompassed within a frame at the same level.
The inscriber also added an aesthetic effect through carving a word or two in the center of the gravestone creating a smaller frame around.
The inscription may also be incised on a higher background, and in this case a frame is engraved to surround the inscription. And this might be a way to avoid, later on, adding words that would change the meaning of inscription inscribed, and this is also why the inscriber did not leave vacant spaces that allow adding extra words.
As for the technique of incised inscription, the inscriber had a better chance to extend letters and he became more creative regarding the shape of writing and was not abide to having a frame surrounding the inscription as the case with the earlier technique. Incised inscription made it possible to have a frame surrounding the inscription and to shape it. (??)
The Beginnings of Texts Carved on Gravestones:
Huwa al-Hayy al-Baqy
Huwa al-Khallaq al-Baqy
Al-baqa’ li Allah
Al-dawam li Allah
Hadtha qabr
The Endings of Texts Carved on Gravestones:
Kullu man ‘alaiha fan
Li rawhihi al-Fatiha
Al-dawam li Allah
Then writing has become incised on marble panels, mostly white marble, while the color of inscription is applied in black, and it is rarely applied in green or gold for writing certain statements. The frame disappeared completely either in framing the inscription as a whole or in defining horizontal lines. Carved vegetal decoration also appears along the sides of the text. The writing style also has changed, as the name of the deceased is written on the marble panel in a larger font than that of the rest of the text, and in a way inscription is applied as an aesthetic element.
The Beginnings of Texts Carved on Marble Panels:
Bi ’ism Allah al-Rahman al-Rahim
Ya ayyatuha al-nafs al-mutma’inna ‘irji‘i ’ila Rabbiki radiyatan mardiyya fa ’idkhuly fi ‘ibady wa ’idkhuly jannaty
Wa ’abshiru bi al-jannati ’allaty kuntum tu‘adun
Kullu nafsin dtha’iqatu al-mawt
Tawaffa ’ila rahmatu Allahi Ta‘ala
Kullu man ‘alaiha fan
The Endings of Texts Carved on Marble Panels:
Tarikh al-wafa bi al-taqwim al-hijry thumma al-milady
Li rawhihi al-Fatiha
Al-dawam li Allah
The reason for using marble panels for writing instead of gravestones is that a gravestone can only comprise the name of a single person, and since each cenotaph contains two gravestones, only two names are inscribed, while others buried in the same grave can not have their names inscribed. Writing on marble panels is considered the best option, as the marble panel can be fixed on the gravestones or the cenotaph. Probably that was the reason why writing on panels prevailed, since it was also the easiest and cheapest option. It may also be a result of the social change in the community culture where families have become less bounded and the relation among relatives has become weaker. And so, each branch of the family prefers asserting its right in using the grave.
Another factor is religious, as in recent decades, Egypt has witnessed the spread of the Wahhaby thought, and many people traveling to Arab countries have become followers of such a way of thinking, and they eventually abandoned putting gravestones or writing upon them or even having cenotaphs over graves. They also abandoned being buried in Cairene graves believing that it is not acceptable religiously as it does not follow the Islamic law, and they rather prefer being buried in earth, al-dafn fi lahd. This is why it is essential to document inherited grave construction types, shapes of gravestones, and styles of carving inscription, for perhaps a day will come when these graves landmarks will be totally obliterated.